tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-544018043713566832024-03-06T00:44:08.134-08:00Croydon Airport CallingDebbie challishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14601112423489241282noreply@blogger.comBlogger79125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-54401804371356683.post-74802153580048050222018-05-07T11:47:00.000-07:002018-05-07T11:47:09.271-07:00Reconstructing the First World War Aerodrome at Croydon / Beddington: Updated <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Roger Potten has updated the ambulances and ambulance station on Sketch Up since the last blog <a href="https://croydonairportcalling.blogspot.co.uk/2018/04/reconstructing-first-world-war_23.html">post </a>on the ambulance station. The ambulance is based on a replica made for filming <span style="font-size: 16px;">reproductions at Stow Maries as t</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">hey match the scene lot better than the stock Sketchup vintage lorry he used before:</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEix3y0zNQJ4AB5Wad8sQ_tE0XSQ-FrLBOmp3Qooss85A-c_I5tMuQF1NopeBaBYGhyphenhyphennNpFfhn0U0H2UYhRcWKIPd_VHudyfGwhFAZN-eHV4RNgngfKEvwBTbU2O5fMrLqdn-AC41u5DZsA/s1600/Ambulance+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEix3y0zNQJ4AB5Wad8sQ_tE0XSQ-FrLBOmp3Qooss85A-c_I5tMuQF1NopeBaBYGhyphenhyphennNpFfhn0U0H2UYhRcWKIPd_VHudyfGwhFAZN-eHV4RNgngfKEvwBTbU2O5fMrLqdn-AC41u5DZsA/s640/Ambulance+2.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<br />Debbie challishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14601112423489241282noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-54401804371356683.post-87608671602705363492018-05-02T03:00:00.000-07:002018-05-02T03:00:18.948-07:00Reconstructing the First World War Aerodrome at Croydon / Beddington: Photographs<div style="font-family: Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif, EmojiFont, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', NotoColorEmoji, 'Segoe UI Symbol', 'Android Emoji', EmojiSymbols; font-size: 16px;">
Roger Potten has recreated two of Herbert Montgomery Martins photos from World War One. Compare The five ground crew (211):</div>
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and, to give context, where they are:</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEii1y07Q9PnXax8PnLxQC0hu3zDYM-KSM1Px3lTyW14xg3Af6zueGrDb8go1pEEAiR-PJig7a7z3Lt6EZvhlAj1nDuKWaZe_W3CCTThK9NzpLaDXYnuvDy_AhOJ3t1WfH_AdJGq_8NCQyI/s1600/People+-+Five+Ground+Crew+position.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEii1y07Q9PnXax8PnLxQC0hu3zDYM-KSM1Px3lTyW14xg3Af6zueGrDb8go1pEEAiR-PJig7a7z3Lt6EZvhlAj1nDuKWaZe_W3CCTThK9NzpLaDXYnuvDy_AhOJ3t1WfH_AdJGq_8NCQyI/s640/People+-+Five+Ground+Crew+position.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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Then this one of Pt Fay on a Phelon & Moore 350 RFC issue motorbike: </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2JU2SEJfPcRdFHv3yDXpQFe23QOGIRzuNIS64BJ80EAgi_Nt5LsiKIt5PbpUbz4RAb_ZDHmjzBDYLEuYfN0KZ-36BaPMFPoLPbqyH4x5TdJxBnk01Wp5uJxaGUTV0_rWBtBne4GTbWfw/s1600/161+Pt+Fay.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="924" data-original-width="1512" height="390" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2JU2SEJfPcRdFHv3yDXpQFe23QOGIRzuNIS64BJ80EAgi_Nt5LsiKIt5PbpUbz4RAb_ZDHmjzBDYLEuYfN0KZ-36BaPMFPoLPbqyH4x5TdJxBnk01Wp5uJxaGUTV0_rWBtBne4GTbWfw/s640/161+Pt+Fay.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcoyvB9eXu0mrtjz5_5__-uuuSRtBLkqDsmvAd5K-Zc5Nv_q_TXvTCJcP777xDqZXmyDEfC4MRduAsF0TSgVbjqq9sV9GzVP4MHg0VMv4z3ceGDenIj2HfGI7DjTFMEiRNyI6NNbzsMpw/s1600/People+-+Motorcycle+Pte+Fay+.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcoyvB9eXu0mrtjz5_5__-uuuSRtBLkqDsmvAd5K-Zc5Nv_q_TXvTCJcP777xDqZXmyDEfC4MRduAsF0TSgVbjqq9sV9GzVP4MHg0VMv4z3ceGDenIj2HfGI7DjTFMEiRNyI6NNbzsMpw/s640/People+-+Motorcycle+Pte+Fay+.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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Then to give context, you can see they are near Plough Lane and New Barn Farm:</div>
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Debbie challishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14601112423489241282noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-54401804371356683.post-75954593252415443902018-04-30T12:02:00.000-07:002018-04-30T12:02:23.990-07:00Bonds not Bombs in Croydon: German War Reparations<div class="MsoNormal">
Almost 7 years
after the end of the First World War, Croydon Airport played a role in its economic
aftermath when an aeroplane landed with £9,660,000 worth of bonds as part of
Germany’s war reparation payment. The treaty of Versailles and then further
treaties set an enormous bill for Germany officially named as the aggressors,
then losers, in the war.</div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggHJuP-FZnGuM-DAOkk6Xo2d-ibUSofgCdXglwNn49fpci3qwDi69U46DoZ1Vj7bQ5zrU9TCkxF3ruZ2JKTmLdKH5qTvhOwiEjATKXWyKCU_kJhkrIj6XGIR_MD3iCHd30kmvoIg2w4o4/s1600/ReparationsImage.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="551" data-original-width="1249" height="281" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggHJuP-FZnGuM-DAOkk6Xo2d-ibUSofgCdXglwNn49fpci3qwDi69U46DoZ1Vj7bQ5zrU9TCkxF3ruZ2JKTmLdKH5qTvhOwiEjATKXWyKCU_kJhkrIj6XGIR_MD3iCHd30kmvoIg2w4o4/s640/ReparationsImage.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Illustrated London News, 5 September 1925, f.5</td></tr>
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The plane
flew from Amsterdam to London on 25<sup>th</sup> August 1925. It was of
interest partly as it was a new Swedish Junkers Type F.24 with triple engine and
all metal – the first to land in Britain. It and the pilot had been chattered by
the German government to convey the money to Britain. One of our project volunteers, Cassie Pope explains more about the reparations. . .</div>
<h4>
<span lang="EN-US">How much was Germany expected to pay?</span></h4>
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The London Ultimatum of 1921 set the total
German war reparations cost at 132 billion gold marks. This total was made up
of three categories known as A, B and C bonds. The burden of this bill amounted
to over 260% of Germany's GDP in 1913. It was decided that the C bonds, valued
at 82 billion gold marks, wouldn't realistically be paid. This left the total
around 50 billion gold marks, which did not significantly exceed Germany's
expectation of a bill between 30 and 40 billion.</div>
<h4>
<span lang="EN-US">Germany Defaults</span></h4>
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<span lang="EN-US">Almost from the start, Germany fell behind
on deliveries of timber and coal, which were accepted as one form of payment.
By 1923, the scale of Germany's default led to the occupation of an area of the
industrial Ruhr region by French and Belgian forces. With its industrial
heartland crippled, the German economy teetered on collapse. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h4>
<span lang="EN-US">The Dawes Plan</span></h4>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0EihUflr2rv8pF70N0NKMyt-WXxzX0ezj4lcD_YGuazl-JXHBg-d30dLPmHb6vj_-xNIn1_j7swG3XwA3ECAYJ5NgQSwMCFkJfSqSmhjrdvzvU5UbZEwkQjyoworxwiNGflW4SNOvvGw/s1600/BombsNotBonds.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="771" data-original-width="691" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0EihUflr2rv8pF70N0NKMyt-WXxzX0ezj4lcD_YGuazl-JXHBg-d30dLPmHb6vj_-xNIn1_j7swG3XwA3ECAYJ5NgQSwMCFkJfSqSmhjrdvzvU5UbZEwkQjyoworxwiNGflW4SNOvvGw/s400/BombsNotBonds.jpg" width="357" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Leeds Mercury, 26 August 1925</td></tr>
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<span lang="EN-US">The German economy was faltering, and a
commission was formed to reexamine the reparations schedule. The resulting
Dawes Plan of 1924 reorganised the repayment schedule but did not reduce the
total amount. The new schedule called for an initial reduction of German yearly
repayments, which would then pick up as the economy improved, reaching a steady
rate by 1929. Germany would also receive $200 billion in foreign loans,
predominantly through bonds issued by the United States.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Prior to 1925 German reparations
predominantly took the form of payments in kind. After 1924 the proportion of
payments in foreign currency increased. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h4>
<span lang="EN-US">German Payments in the First Year</span></h4>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">First year of the Dawes Plan ran from 1st
September 1924. The first annuity amounted to 1,000,000,000 gold marks, which
was paid within the year into the account of the Agent General for Reparations
Payments with the Reichsbank. Four-fifths (800,000,000) of this amount was paid
out of the proceeds of external loans. One-fifth (200,000,000) was paid from
the bonds of the German Railway Company.* </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">The Railway Company made its payment
in two installments of bonds. The first, totaling 100 million gold marks, was
paid on February 28<sup>th</sup>, 1925. The second, installment of 100 million
gold marks was due on September 1st, 1925. This payment was made in advance,
with 40 million paid on August 1<sup>st</sup>, and the balance of 60 million
paid on August 31<sup>st</sup>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span lang="EN-US">'The Plan
generally is functioning smoothly, and all those concerned in its execution
have worked together loyally and in a spirit of friendly accommodation.'</span></blockquote>
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<span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">It is this last installment that is
arriving in Croydon Airport. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">For security G. H. J Jeffs, a British observer
was also on the aircraft, who wrote a report for the Civil Aviation Traffic
Office on landing. As the newspaper put it, it was Bonds not Bombs that were
coming from Germany now.</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">By Cassie Pope</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: x-small;">*Information taken from <i>Report of the Agent General for Reparations Payments. </i>November 30<sup>th</sup>, 1925. London, His Majesty's Stationery Office <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b4007219;view=1up;seq=7;size=75"><span style="font-size: x-small;">https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b4007219;view=1up;seq=7;size=75</span></a></span></div>
Debbie challishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14601112423489241282noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-54401804371356683.post-78930174538350881332018-04-25T23:51:00.000-07:002018-04-25T23:51:28.752-07:00Reconstructing the First World War Aerodrome: Wooden Huts behind C HangerContinuing with our virtual tour of the Croydon Aerodrome in the First World War, below are images of the wooden huts and area behind C Hanger:<br />
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<br />Debbie challishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14601112423489241282noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-54401804371356683.post-26920825048024412712018-04-23T23:56:00.000-07:002018-05-01T11:39:14.621-07:00Reconstructing the First World War Aerodrome at Croydon / Beddington in Detail: the ambulance stationPilots (and other crew) were very likely to have accidents in training, as we have blogged <a href="https://croydonairportcalling.blogspot.co.uk/2018/02/people-and-crashes-at-beddington.html">previously</a>. Fire was one of the most likely and lethal outcomes of an air crash as well as broken limbs. It was essential to have an ambulance and medical equipment at an airfield. Roger Potten has recreated the ambulance station at Croydon / Beddington.<br />
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<br />Debbie challishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14601112423489241282noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-54401804371356683.post-36969419171572503742018-04-19T13:00:00.000-07:002018-04-19T13:00:01.683-07:00Reconstructing the First World War Aerodrome at Croydon / Beddington in Detail: Bombing Observation TowerOne of the new training procedures brought in was target practice for pilots to bomb designated locations. In the field these would mainly be trenches, army camps or Zeppelin bases. Roger Potten has reconstructed the bombing observation tower that was used in this training - one side of the airfield seems to have been effectively used for target practice.<br />
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Compare this with Montgomery Martin's photograph below:</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJlLZZNfXKEH5EIJr8rbbOQGA8CpJn3ivLSfxRkSpM2FPlvK5tc-DdlGdz7k_cWWlqVfyI3ZaXbrqshn7YjuNK-f2saUFWiLyp_3Sf7X2qII-dtNlX1dhJTs5TJboPU0r7vjZkTozZKHg/s1600/196+Bombing+tower.tif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="858" data-original-width="1338" height="410" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJlLZZNfXKEH5EIJr8rbbOQGA8CpJn3ivLSfxRkSpM2FPlvK5tc-DdlGdz7k_cWWlqVfyI3ZaXbrqshn7YjuNK-f2saUFWiLyp_3Sf7X2qII-dtNlX1dhJTs5TJboPU0r7vjZkTozZKHg/s640/196+Bombing+tower.tif" width="640" /></a></div>
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<br />Debbie challishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14601112423489241282noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-54401804371356683.post-71642993223103990752018-04-16T12:56:00.000-07:002018-04-16T12:56:16.025-07:00Reconstructing the First World War Aerodrome at Croydon / Beddington in Detail: Hangers, HQ and CamelsFollowing on from our previous post on Roger Potten's reconstructions of the aerodrome between 1916-1919, these images illustrate the hangers (and therefore detail aspects of the training) on the site. The light and the grass make the reconstructions seem even more real. The images are constantly being added to as Roger finds more details from visiting other places, such as Stow Maries.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh589j7czWveKc32TcbjGYOU4WdOZWIzlsAEt7xvAf5tPCSWokNWzaM92NRJFWCkf5mpj92cAnRA0ELvUue6VpuOQqVhoFfewKuXCcKR3qulrdp1ZhRErfL8K2QcCtsJKaKSdJk0ICmPc0/s1600/Camels+%2526+HQ+11.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="815" data-original-width="1600" height="324" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh589j7czWveKc32TcbjGYOU4WdOZWIzlsAEt7xvAf5tPCSWokNWzaM92NRJFWCkf5mpj92cAnRA0ELvUue6VpuOQqVhoFfewKuXCcKR3qulrdp1ZhRErfL8K2QcCtsJKaKSdJk0ICmPc0/s640/Camels+%2526+HQ+11.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBXY5PJjKX2C-bszt8DpBlMdDXpldMB3cqqmSiwMuj6TBd4Csjz0C-lxRzMDjEvYEYCMRnj3GUNl3dshDuV_OCCI9Y2m3aezLYC3Th9rBy4EIvhh3eJ1hxslcF9cZBSLEuCiYgyC4Ry9g/s1600/Hanger+view+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="815" data-original-width="1600" height="324" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBXY5PJjKX2C-bszt8DpBlMdDXpldMB3cqqmSiwMuj6TBd4Csjz0C-lxRzMDjEvYEYCMRnj3GUNl3dshDuV_OCCI9Y2m3aezLYC3Th9rBy4EIvhh3eJ1hxslcF9cZBSLEuCiYgyC4Ry9g/s640/Hanger+view+1.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">View from the Hanger</td></tr>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWR6dmqMqjY0CRhOMs_Ps72rdl_O5ZQSypt65KJ46TLBg4raXqq9PkQACF95XkWxY67YoufyIVz-fk1Cu5gbqU8tTGNM2bK0eRA6M_4kuRAR641HJ4_hv_k9uiHjxhotpAi3UwOss14Yo/s1600/Bomb+Training+Observation+Tower+7.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="815" data-original-width="1600" height="324" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWR6dmqMqjY0CRhOMs_Ps72rdl_O5ZQSypt65KJ46TLBg4raXqq9PkQACF95XkWxY67YoufyIVz-fk1Cu5gbqU8tTGNM2bK0eRA6M_4kuRAR641HJ4_hv_k9uiHjxhotpAi3UwOss14Yo/s640/Bomb+Training+Observation+Tower+7.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<br />Debbie challishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14601112423489241282noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-54401804371356683.post-43149809338566994112018-04-12T12:48:00.000-07:002018-04-12T12:48:10.330-07:00Building Beddington / Croydon Aerodrome in 1918The last post detailed the activities of volunteer Roger Potten in mapping out the aerodrome and airfield from 1917 to 1920. Drawing on photographs and what maps he could find, Roger has illustrated the rapid growth of the aerodrome after it became the base for the Training Squadron. Roger has also carefully reconstructed the buildings by date. These shots of the aerodrome reconstruct it from 1918 and give a sense of the scale of it<br />
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A view showing Plugh Lane and the farm to the right.<br />
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Debbie challishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14601112423489241282noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-54401804371356683.post-7191748157790684332018-04-09T12:32:00.000-07:002018-04-09T12:32:45.859-07:00Mapping the Aerodrome in the First World War<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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Roger Potten is one of our highly skilled archive volunteers who has been working on rebuilding the first Croydon Airport (1919-1927) on a platform called Sketch Up. This software enables the building of architecture to create sophisticated 3 dimensional reconstructions with intricate detail and texture.<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">First airport tower, 1923</td></tr>
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When the Heritage Lottery Fund awarded Historic Croydon Airport Trust a grant to investigate the first world war origins of what became Croydon Airport, Roger turned his attention to 1916-1918. He began building up a reconstruction what started as an airstrip overshadowed by the farm on Plough Lane in 1916 to a large RAF training aerodrome, complete with bombing practice range, by 1918. In doing this Roger has found the photographs of Herbert Montgomery Martin, previously <a href="https://croydonairportcalling.blogspot.co.uk/2018/02/herbert-montgomery-martin.html">blogged</a>, invaluable for building up an accurate picture of the layout of the airfield and aerodrome and the intricate details needed for the added texture. This blog shares the maps that Roger has pieced together of the airfield and aerodrome from 1917-1919.<br />
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By summer 1918 the training airfield had grown dramatically and surrounds the farm with a camp now on the farm side of Plough Lane. The Training Squadron was still growing.</div>
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Shortly after the war ended, the RAF (newly formed on 1 April 1918) was still using the airfield and aerodrome for training purposes and for taking civilians and politicians to Paris for the Versailles war treaty negotiations. The farm is now entirely overshadowed and Plough Lane is clearly a barrier in the aerodrome.<br />
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By 1920, the aerodrome was designated for civilian transportation and became an airport, i.e. having a customs and excises for duty on imported and exported goods.<br />
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<br />Debbie challishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14601112423489241282noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-54401804371356683.post-14619605910791392962018-03-19T01:00:00.000-07:002018-03-19T01:00:35.068-07:00Killed by a propeller: Sad accident to Air Mechanic<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Lorraine has found a reference to an air mechanic, not on our Roll of Honour (air men who died at or around Croydon aerodrome during the war). Although the article does not detail that the accident took place at Croydon / Beddington, the location of the Crescent War Hospital in Thornton Heath makes it unlikely to be elsewhere. From the Croydon Advertiser and Surrey County Reporter, Sat. 29 March
1918:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">A keen air mechanic, Henry Colin Lane, aged 29,
met with his death through his keenness to ascertain if the engine of an
aeroplane which he had just set in motion was running properly.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Ground crew at Beddington / Croydon in 1918. <br />H M Martin Photograph.</td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The story was told to the Croydon Coroner and
jury at an inquest at the Union Offices on Tuesday afternoon, when Jack
Liennewiel, a fitter in the RFC, described what occurred.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Deceased was assisting another air mechanic
to start the propeller of a machine. There was another machine with the engine
working about fifteen feet away.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After
assisting to start the propeller deceased walked sideways into the propeller of
the other machine, his attention being entirely devoted to the machine he had
just started.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The propeller struck him
on the head, knocking him down.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
engines were at once stopped and he was removed to the medical officer and then
sent in an ambulance to the Crescent War Hospital.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Witness thought deceased did not realise that
the other machine was in action, as he could not hear it owing to the noise of
the machine he had just started.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Flight Sergt. Alexander Vaile gave a similar
description of the accident.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Capt. Edgar Willett RAMC, attached to the
Crescent War Hospital, said that when deceased was brought to the Hospital he
was able to tell him his name.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Witness
had him at once taken to the operating theatre and there found that he had a
large scalp wound and four smaller one, and his arm was also injured.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Witness could not find at the time any
fracture of the skull.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The wounds were
cleaned and dressed and he was got to bed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>He was in a serious condition, and more serious at eleven o’clock, but
witness did not think he had any injury he could not recover from.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>About a quarter of and hour later, however,
he suddenly collapsed and died.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A
post-mortem examination the next day showed that there was no injury to his
head from which he could not have recovered, but the liver was ruptured, and
from this he could not possibly have recovered.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The propeller had also struck his side and broken some of his ribs and
also caused a small rupture of one lung.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Sister Florence Lyal Wilson, the night
superintendent at the Crescent War Hospital, said that deceased was never
left.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was seen by Capt. Selby, RAMC,
at ten o’clock and again by Capt. Willett, at ten to eleven.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The jury found that death was the result of an
accident.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">(</span><i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">died 22<sup>nd</sup>
March 1918)</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></span></div>
Debbie challishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14601112423489241282noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-54401804371356683.post-46262201796474410472018-03-12T05:49:00.000-07:002018-03-12T05:49:13.359-07:00Air Raid Warning Systems in Croydon: From non-existence to technical wizardryRecords in the Museum of Croydon record the gradual implementation of an air raid defence system and even - though not until summer 1917 - public air raid warnings. Our project volunteer Norman has recorded the growth of these defences, which consisted of Observation Posts, Special Constables, the airfield itself and a growth in the use of light and sound technology to track and monitor aircraft.<br />
<br />
<u>Observation Posts in Croydon</u><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhADvl8KKeq539jzmXarHzTv3pL0NHwLP6xBigRe9Yjum5_ZptYe1p5xdGPhsG0_l2DEhl9zXwtyMMfqdZiOM8O-SjhABupt6lmXMqmA9N3-FNCoB59EE_OMtqe69aFtFjjHMroy4KONsI/s1600/Croydon+Heritage+Festival+2015+Open+Buildings+Croydon+1938+Town+Hall+view.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="1000" height="192" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhADvl8KKeq539jzmXarHzTv3pL0NHwLP6xBigRe9Yjum5_ZptYe1p5xdGPhsG0_l2DEhl9zXwtyMMfqdZiOM8O-SjhABupt6lmXMqmA9N3-FNCoB59EE_OMtqe69aFtFjjHMroy4KONsI/s320/Croydon+Heritage+Festival+2015+Open+Buildings+Croydon+1938+Town+Hall+view.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">View from the Town Hall Croydon in 1938.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<ul>
<li>Town Hall Tower</li>
<li>Water Tower</li>
<li>Gillett & Johnston's Tower</li>
<li>Nottingham Road</li>
</ul>
Observer duties included observing and reporting on hostile flying machines, exposed lights, fires etc. Reported by telephone to Observation Room, Croydon; Metropolitan Observation Service, Horseguards (forerunner of Observer (later Royal) Corps); Regular Police and Fire Service.<br />
<br />
<u>Special Constabulary station and posts</u><br />
Police Station, Fell Road; Trojan Works, Vicarage Road, Waddon; Christ Church Schools, Clyde Road; Addiscombe Railway Station; Wesleyan Hall, Bartlett Street, South Croydon.<br />
<br />
The Special Constabulary were appointed at start of war, they carried out normal policing duties (traffic accidents, carts without lights, drunken soldiers, small boys stealing bicycle) but their principal activities were war-related.<br />
<br />
They also manned Observation Posts, reporting hostile aircraft (Zeppelins and Gothas) and breaches of blackout (mostly careless or false alarm by nervous citizens) but always alert to “spies” signalling to Zeppelins. They guarded key installations though there are no records of their being armed. They also assisted in rescuing or recovering bombing victims. Specials also controlled mobile first aid parties including St John and Red Cross, Voluntary Aid Detachment (nurses) and a Motor Branch.<br />
When raids were believed to be imminent, Specials were summoned by telephone, personal visit or boards in cinemas and clubs. During the Great War, Croydon Specials paraded for air raid duties on 63 occasions and were on stand-by a further 15 times. An average parade for air raids would comprise 250-300 men (only men).<br />
<br />
<u>Air Raid Warnings</u><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGx8nSROa9DxE290I2sonv10ClmqGaH-cYUEpusLV-9uvLtFM4s3WODAFJV7vPRd5qgGQW9Rt13aXOUILRngiF6RdYFMBo9fIJlVp5sbiDS_SF8Spm-Q85kWhENG0DKNRVJX3DoRSj_BQ/s1600/1918undergroundraid.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="360" data-original-width="800" height="288" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGx8nSROa9DxE290I2sonv10ClmqGaH-cYUEpusLV-9uvLtFM4s3WODAFJV7vPRd5qgGQW9Rt13aXOUILRngiF6RdYFMBo9fIJlVp5sbiDS_SF8Spm-Q85kWhENG0DKNRVJX3DoRSj_BQ/s640/1918undergroundraid.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">THE UNDERWORLD: TAKING COVER IN A TUBE STATION DURING A LONDON AIR RAID, 1918, <br />by Walter Bayes. Imperial War Museum. Art.IWM ART 935</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
From June 1917 the police gave raid warnings by firing maroons. Boy Scouts played Morse G-C on bugles for all clear. A red light displayed from Town Hall clock tower during Alert and white for All Clear. In addition the Town Hall basement was sand-bagged as air raid shelter.<br />
<br />
A mobile A.A. Based at White Hill Caterham comprising 2 lorries each with 2 machine-guns; one lorry with 24” acetylene searchlight; service wagon for cooking, sleeping and stores<br />
<br />
Air defence: Tram with searchlight installed upper deck<br />
Searchlights seen flashing as signal to recall night fighters<br />
<br />
<u>Technology</u><br />
Fire Alarms were installed on on street corners before advent of home and street telephone call boxes.<br />
<br />
Each Observation Post was eventually equipped with a telescope with illuminated sights and the base was marked with compass degrees. A sighting would be reported by telephone (or runner) to the Chief Inspector of the Regular Police. His station was equipped with a large-scale map and by receiving bearings from two or more Observation Posts, the location of any incident could be plotted with cords on the map by triangulation [see exhibit in Control Tower]. An example of this was when an incendiary bomb caused a fire on railway truck four miles away, the location of which was plotted by central control within four minutes. Also Zeppelin crashes to north of London observed and accurately plotted. Sighting reports were forwarded to London Air Defence Area headquarters in Horseguards.<br />
<br />
Nottingham Road Observation Post was also fitted with “sound detectors” (giant horns) to track enemy aircraft.<br />
<br />
Water Tower Observation Post had automatic equipment to record bearing and azimuth of targets and weather reports.<br />
<br />
Norman BriceDebbie challishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14601112423489241282noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-54401804371356683.post-7976866548358540492018-03-12T02:00:00.000-07:002018-03-12T02:00:04.191-07:00Air Raid Defences in and around Croydon: Timeline<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
4 August 1914: Britain declares war on Germany</div>
<br />
24 August 1914: Special Constables start guarding “vulnerable points” including water, gas and electricity works; telephone exchange; railway bridges (later gradually reduced to release manpower for air raid duties)<br />
<br />
19 January 1915: first time Special Constabulary alerted for air raid<br />
<br />
13 October 1915: raid by Zeppelin L14 Kapitanleutnant Bocher. Bombed Croydon. 9 killed, 15 injured<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNDQXl7JXY71bD8pGOWKN1SoBWww1Si2D5DBImvWLdSa5G1h95QOIs8rlc7PiA_zfT-mXa6hhC1cmzAYZYaNV8qtyMopWsmCfcXbD8exJ4_EnbK6MztjHfwkh1KYHelq1U1v8VMvqkqPg/s1600/19Oct1917.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="643" data-original-width="800" height="257" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNDQXl7JXY71bD8pGOWKN1SoBWww1Si2D5DBImvWLdSa5G1h95QOIs8rlc7PiA_zfT-mXa6hhC1cmzAYZYaNV8qtyMopWsmCfcXbD8exJ4_EnbK6MztjHfwkh1KYHelq1U1v8VMvqkqPg/s320/19Oct1917.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<a name='more'></a>22 October 1915: Mayor held public meeting. Called for reprisal raids on Germany and formation of unified Air Force (to merge Royal Naval Air Service and Royal Air Force)<br />
<br />
13 December 1915: land acquired at New Barn Farm, Beddington, for an emergency night landing strip to be available for home defence fighters flying from Hyde Park and other central London locations – one of a ring around the outskirts of London<br />
<br />
31 January 1916: Zeppelin night raid on London. Two B.E. 2c aircraft from 17 Squadron Beddington sent to patrol<br />
<br />
31 January 1916: first Observation Post brought into use<br />
<br />
31 March 1916: Zeppelin night raid on London. Two B.E. 2c from 19 Squadron Beddington sent to patrol. One crashes near airfield<br />
<br />
2 April 1916: Zeppelin night raid on London. One B.E. 2c from 19 Squadron Beddington sent to patrol<br />
<br />
23 September 1916: L31 Kapitanleutnant Heinrich Mathy bombed Purley, Mitcham and Streatham. Observed from Croydon<br />
<br />
27 November 1916 Water Tower Observation Post linked to Metropolitan Observation Service and manned each night from 7pm to midnight<br />
<br />
13 June 1917: Daylight raid on London by Gotha bombers. Two Sopwith Pups from 40 Squadron <br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3G9k0c_CY50F1WyPqI_eQUtfK3aDsZa9gK6uA4RAX2Ulsv9rundWT-y-BefBVzFnuEzYUvzswalljnoDq8L-n-sMCBVCsCNjbDS6TnvlvItikgbHBWwSMd5cI4sYyDeXUsqiEK6NWP68/s1600/220+Pup+crash.tif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="939" data-original-width="1512" height="198" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3G9k0c_CY50F1WyPqI_eQUtfK3aDsZa9gK6uA4RAX2Ulsv9rundWT-y-BefBVzFnuEzYUvzswalljnoDq8L-n-sMCBVCsCNjbDS6TnvlvItikgbHBWwSMd5cI4sYyDeXUsqiEK6NWP68/s320/220+Pup+crash.tif" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Crashed Sopwith Pub at Beddington / Croydon (H M Martin)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
patrol<br />
<br />
17 June 1917: Water Tower Observation Post introduced 24-hour manning<br />
<br />
4 July 1917: Daylight raid on east coast by Gotha bombers. Two Sopwith Pups from 40 Squadron patrol<br />
<br />
7 July 1917: daylight raid on London by Gotha bombers. Three Sopwith Pups from 40 Squadron patrol<br />
<br />
12 August 1917: daylight raid on Southend by Gotha bombers. Five Sopwith Pups from 40 Squadron patrol<br />
<br />
22 August 1917: daylight raid on Margate, Ramsgate and Dover by Gothas. Four Sopwith Pups from 40 Squadron patrol<br />
<br />
17 November 1917: Water Tower started permanent weather reports to Meteorological Office<br />
<br />
21 September 1917: man seen to fall from ropes attached to escaped “curtain” barrage balloon<br />
<br />
11 November 1918: ArmisticeDebbie challishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14601112423489241282noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-54401804371356683.post-49602397183449411282018-03-05T11:42:00.002-08:002018-03-05T11:42:58.417-08:00Public Reaction in Croydon to the Zeppelin Raids of October 1915Norman, one of our volunteers on the Fighting for Air project, discovered a very interesting and important item in the Museum of Croydon. A handbill for a public meeting only a week after the devastating raid of <a href="http://croydonairportcalling.blogspot.co.uk/2017/11/zeppelins-over-croydon-1314-october-1915.html">13/14 October</a>. Norman writes:<br />
<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4h4K6alOi3HI6NT9KsuKBbFr9vHxw4mH-u7Dj3Ff_nhOA-htC3iX1JJW7K8sBye3H492gPdKr3VIpvmh0dFDLrHW1tCpnBX-W8zsItXdD1HoNK_NT2O8H-yS2NDIWwss2EsMYhGbRWR4/s1600/StrettonRd.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="653" data-original-width="800" height="261" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4h4K6alOi3HI6NT9KsuKBbFr9vHxw4mH-u7Dj3Ff_nhOA-htC3iX1JJW7K8sBye3H492gPdKr3VIpvmh0dFDLrHW1tCpnBX-W8zsItXdD1HoNK_NT2O8H-yS2NDIWwss2EsMYhGbRWR4/s320/StrettonRd.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Bomb damage at 69-73 Stretton Rd Croydon, at which 3<br />
people were killed: Eliza Walter (52), Daisy Walter (23) and <br />
Sidney Walter (15). Photograph Home Office October 1915.<br />
© IWM (HO 29)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
The actual number of casualties and material damage caused by the first Zeppelin raid were totally insignificant in terms of military losses on the Western Front and elsewhere. The Commonwealth War Graves Commission records the deaths of 1,074,612 service personnel between 4 August 1914 and 11 November 1918 – an average of 689 for every single day of the Great War. And as the Prime Minister pointed out in a debate in the House of Commons on “Home Defence”, more Londoners died from traffic accidents in the blackout than from enemy action.<br />
<br />
But the public did not see it that way. These were innocent and defenceless women and children, slaughtered in their beds as they slept. Anti-German feeling ran high. These were “Baby Killers” and anybody with a Germanic-sounding name was a potential spy. Shops owned by these people were ransacked whilst the British Bobby stood passively by.<br />
<br />
Croydon reacted by calling a public meeting, chaired by the Mayor, on 22 October 1915. Two motions were passed:<br />
<br />
Mr William Joynson-Hicks M.P. proposed and Lord Willoughby de Broke seconded called for reprisal raids by British aircraft against German cities as the only effective means of defence against Zeppelin attacks.<br />
<br />
The second motion was proposed by the Editor of the Globe, Mr Charles Parker, calling for an independent air arm to replace the separate Royal Flying Corps (Army) and the Royal Naval Air Service. In this, he was two years ahead of the official report to the Government of 1917 by General Smuts which, when accepted, led to the creation of the Royal Air Force on 1 April 1918.Debbie challishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14601112423489241282noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-54401804371356683.post-31827977334795551562018-02-26T04:00:00.000-08:002018-02-26T05:42:39.727-08:00Capt. L. M. Barlow: The ‘Gadget King’ and Local Hero<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Captain Leonard Monteagle Barlow, who lived in Onslow Gardens Wellington was brought</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMBY0LnBa1kN6cBqL_-itgvLQoaqreTRiz2FEnlj1rK8Zytaf1sH0ZmcA0k43dreu7zBNygWpcYomCk1AwwVJbEkJV-Lw_Sc9SPo879IovIcB71ag8mKdD8KZdAek7YDH5wPAF_mFpDRQ/s1600/leonard-monteagale-barlow.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="640" data-original-width="417" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMBY0LnBa1kN6cBqL_-itgvLQoaqreTRiz2FEnlj1rK8Zytaf1sH0ZmcA0k43dreu7zBNygWpcYomCk1AwwVJbEkJV-Lw_Sc9SPo879IovIcB71ag8mKdD8KZdAek7YDH5wPAF_mFpDRQ/s320/leonard-monteagale-barlow.jpg" width="208" /></a></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> to our attention by Lorraine (one of the project volunteers) as he was local to the airport, had achieved an enormous amount but tragically died when at only 19 years old. Barlow was awarded MC three times. He was nick-named the Gadget King designed and had installed mechanism for firing both guns together with one trigger. He also flew from Beddington (Croydon) airfield on occasions.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">More information was then provided about him by his nephew Ian Leonard Stimson who, coincidentally to this project, came to the February Open day at Airport House. Fortunately he got chatting to our volunteer co-ordinator Karen and then emailed details of his uncle afterwards. Ian Leonard Stimson – his middle name is after his heroic uncle – has researched this young pilot for his family history and sent links to more information about him in the squadron history.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Leonard Monteagle Barlow was born on 5 June 1898 and, after schooling at Wallington Modern School and privately, he trained as an electrical engineer at the Finsbury College. He entered the City and Guilds Technical College, Finsbury, with a Mitchell Scholarship, in October 1913, and took a two years' course in electrical engineering under Professor Silvanus P. Thompson, F.R.S., President, I.E.E., 1899 - 1900. He was awarded the Salomon’s Scholarship in 1915, and acted as Senior Student in 1915-1916, when he was for a time engaged upon research work under the Principal of the College.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Leonard was one of “the first of the few” in the First World War. He was a member of the famous 56th squadron and was picked for the purpose by Major Albert Ball. By May 1917 the Squadron had completed its first seven weeks in France:</span><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">During its first five weeks of active fighting it had claimed 57 enemy aeroplanes; 23 of these destroyed and 34 driven down out of control, for the loss of ten of its own pilots. The Squadron’s apprenticeship was over; it had weathered the crippling losses of May 7 – crippling both in numbers and quality – and was about to enter perhaps its most successful period; a period that would see its fame spread throughout the messes of the RFC and even to ‘the other side of the hill’, into the messes of the German air force. (Revell: 64)</span></blockquote>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Barlow was involved in a massive offensive against the Germans on 7 June 1917 and sent off a solo mission against the German aerodromes at Bisseghem and Reckem. He reached both aerodromes, diving at the sheds and streaking them with machine gun fire until he was out of ammunition. He avoided the German anti-aircraft artillery and returned safely to base, having made note of what artillery had been used against him. This achievement earned Barlow a well-deserved Military Cross, gazetted on August 25, 1917: </span><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">For conspicuous gallantry and devotion to duty in aerial combats. He has set a very fine example of courage and dash in attacking and destroying hostile machines. He has also attacked and stopped a goods train, silenced a machine gun on an aerodrome and dispersed troops on roads from a very low altitude. </span></blockquote>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Barlow would earn another two bars on his medal. Leonard’s younger brother Donald told his children that on one occasion five VCs were staying overnight at their parents’ home. He finished duty in France in October 1917.Leonard Barlow was promoted to Captain on 23 Jan 1918 and appointed as Flight Commander on that date. He was killed on 5 February 2018 while flight testing a a Sopwith Dolphin C.3779, which broke up in the air at Martlesham Heath. Leonard’s medals were posthumously presented to Leonard and Katharine at a special parade of the Guards Battalions held on 28 September 1918 at Wellington Barracks, London, by General Sir Francis Lloyd K.C.B., C.V.O., D.S.O. who, by Command, represented H.M. the King. Barlow is buried in Wallington (Bandon Hill) Cemetery.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQIyd7w4Q121djzlF7ZzE2uMp-fqBCqOHGdnxC3it6dF4uri_XZxuHBMeZYino4AVEAJKcuZofhFDLlSf_BSjFLfusr4-1-0n133yTtXNy2FRaixAmBBijxdxbrIEEbLd7tkDFOYyo2Zw/s1600/Barlow+Close.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="517" data-original-width="514" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQIyd7w4Q121djzlF7ZzE2uMp-fqBCqOHGdnxC3it6dF4uri_XZxuHBMeZYino4AVEAJKcuZofhFDLlSf_BSjFLfusr4-1-0n133yTtXNy2FRaixAmBBijxdxbrIEEbLd7tkDFOYyo2Zw/s320/Barlow+Close.jpg" width="318" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">A road on the Roundshaw Estate is named specifically after this local hero, Barlow Close. It will be featured on our Fighting for Air Map of the main areas in Croydon and Sutton affected by the First World War. Ian Stimson provided a photo of the naming of the road with Prof. Harold E M Barlow (left) and Mr Donald S M Barlow (right) (two of Leonard’s younger brothers) standing by the new road name.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">With thanks to Ian Leonard Stimson (nephew of an uncle he never knew)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<u><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">References:</span></u><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Barlow Family History</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Alex Revell (1995), “High in the Empty Blue”: The History of 56 Squadron RFC</span><br />
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<!--StartFragment-->
<!--EndFragment-->Debbie challishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14601112423489241282noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-54401804371356683.post-25368629740255620512018-02-19T00:30:00.000-08:002018-02-19T00:30:06.880-08:00People and Crashes at Beddington <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivwznNX-2T1k5yGyVvg5n04CUOprTNfE2UuWFG5uqCuSl4-kK4UMXtXuyxS0A9qete1QAIo_R3_aW5R8TSv6DW1yl8wEK5vgaJbJR13YXhI2Vmxdx8V7lxRtADwzWmyxaDob1JaKO9rzs/s1600/146+Lt+Neisding+in+Camel%252C+Beddington+Croydon+Jan+1918.tif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="894" data-original-width="1425" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivwznNX-2T1k5yGyVvg5n04CUOprTNfE2UuWFG5uqCuSl4-kK4UMXtXuyxS0A9qete1QAIo_R3_aW5R8TSv6DW1yl8wEK5vgaJbJR13YXhI2Vmxdx8V7lxRtADwzWmyxaDob1JaKO9rzs/s320/146+Lt+Neisding+in+Camel%252C+Beddington+Croydon+Jan+1918.tif" width="320" /></a></div>
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Herbert Montgomery Martin records many
crashes. The aerodrome was home to Training Squadrons from May 1916
until the end and beyond of the war; No. 17 Training Squadron in May 1916, then
No. 40 Training Squadron from 1 June 1916 until 14 December 1918. A great
example is this one of Lt. Neisding, showing a Sopwith Camel in trees, in
Beddington in January 1918. You can see the ladder in place to rescue the pilot.</div>
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The index to the photographs does not give the service numbers of the men pictured and the spelling of their names seems to be occasionally inaccurate. It is, therefore, <span style="text-align: center;">difficult to ascertain if the records I have tracked down are exactly the men pictured. However, Cadet Hackett is likely to be D Hackett (No.139633) pictured here in a crash of an Avro 504 JK (D4490). </span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Sometimes the ground
crew are shown trying to rescue the pilot and the plane as in this one below of an
upturned Sopwith Pup. </span></div>
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Some of the pilots
pictured by Martin, inevitably, went on to lose their lives in battle and
accidents. Lt. Arthur Percy Jones crashed this Sopwith Pup and survived.<br />
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<span style="text-align: center;">He had been in
the Royal Fusiliers (5685) and then the RFC (138709). He was not so lucky in
September 1918 when he crashed the Sopwith Camel he was flying and was fatally
wounded.</span></div>
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2<sup>nd</sup> Lt
Duncan Lane Donaldson, pictured in the centre of this photograph was
a South African from Joannesburg and relatively old for a pilot at 28 years old when he died. The Sopwith Camel he was flying crashed down the road at Purley on 8 October 1918. The
cause seemed to have been engine failure.<br />
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Sgt. William Boyd
Jardine features in many of Martin’s photographs, including this one of his
crashed Avro with interested spectators </span>investigating it.<br />
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There is another of
him at camp. 131 and another at the RAF Sports Day held at Beddington / Croydon Aerodrome in August 1918 (below).<br />
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Tragically Jardine
crashed in a Sopwith Camel near the aerodrome, after the war had ended, on 26
November 1918.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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Debbie challishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14601112423489241282noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-54401804371356683.post-51760196389078457212018-02-15T11:39:00.000-08:002018-02-15T11:39:20.150-08:00Herbert Montgomery Martin<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhM5kP8yLgOyvKpqvp-OqGnsgu5SgQuDAO3h3lJC2P_LjBHAkCXQBpaI2SebWyX4jSvR6X4LJqF3tIXAzN7ZvOkuEQAgdc13dFyxeC_fYD_dynAtJwL8XIbJBhhcefUqR3w78F6z6AO-uA/s1600/291+HMM+standing.tif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1021" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhM5kP8yLgOyvKpqvp-OqGnsgu5SgQuDAO3h3lJC2P_LjBHAkCXQBpaI2SebWyX4jSvR6X4LJqF3tIXAzN7ZvOkuEQAgdc13dFyxeC_fYD_dynAtJwL8XIbJBhhcefUqR3w78F6z6AO-uA/s320/291+HMM+standing.tif" width="203" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; text-align: start;">H M Martin in uniform with cane. </span></td></tr>
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The photographs of Croydon by Herbert Montgomery
Martin illustrate many of the activities, crashes and people working on
Beddington / Croydon Aerodrome in the last year of the First World War. There
are several images of Montgomery Martin himself, who joined the army on 20 July
1916 (the Royal Flying Corp was then part of army). It is not clear from his
service record if he joined the Flying Corp immediately, but it notes his
transfer to the RAF on its formation on 1 April 1918.</div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Martin was
an ‘Observer’, which meant he primarily worked as aircrew on reconnaissance
observing and / or taking photographs of enemy positions. The photographs
preserved by Cross and Cockade, which HCAT have copies of, make sense of this. The next blog explores some of the people Martin photographed.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEia6tu63sBsGCsKrnUYz-2yk25kmk4pzn5OiT_37nvm-J_ful5TE9RKg5R-M17DBEdMVGtFXQkGRg7JpLwP8tzRcBHy4zxNkMLiBGP9PL-nnfvcooIgoJ9VP6ybQmINtOKA6a1zMQ3VzWo/s1600/286+Elizabeth+Mary+Byers+1.tif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1004" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEia6tu63sBsGCsKrnUYz-2yk25kmk4pzn5OiT_37nvm-J_ful5TE9RKg5R-M17DBEdMVGtFXQkGRg7JpLwP8tzRcBHy4zxNkMLiBGP9PL-nnfvcooIgoJ9VP6ybQmINtOKA6a1zMQ3VzWo/s320/286+Elizabeth+Mary+Byers+1.tif" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Elizabeth Mary Byers</td></tr>
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The service
record tells us that he married Elizabeth Mary Byers, who was in the Women’s
Royal Naval Service. She enlisted on 6 May 1918 (G2042) and worked as a
waitress (according to livesofthefirstworldwar.org).</div>
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They married at St
Saviour’s Church in West Croydon on 2 August 1919, by which time Martin had transferred
to RAF reserve in February the same year 1919 and is wearing the badge of an
‘Observer’ in the photograph below.</div>
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Debbie challishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14601112423489241282noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-54401804371356683.post-5375292789934119032018-02-11T12:14:00.000-08:002018-02-11T12:14:42.534-08:00Tragedy at Croydon's Tank Day 1918<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">On a previous <a href="https://croydonairportcalling.blogspot.co.uk/2018/01/some-of-henry-montgomery-martins-1918.html">post</a> giving some glimpses of Croydon in 1918 through Herbert Montgomery Martin's photographs, I mentioned that there was a tragic crash during the Tank Day. On 16 March people were invited to subscribe to the Victory Loan - basically contributions to the war effort - and the presence of a tank, a new war machine, encouraged these investments. The day was overshadowed by the death of a young pilot at Croydon.</span></div>
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<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The book Croydon in the Great War records: <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Croydon Tank Day, 1918</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">It is a sad thing to recall that the day was overshadowed by the the tragic death of a young airman, whose evolutions over the Town Hall had much interested spectators. His engine failed and he crashed to the ground, being killed instantly. (43)</span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The pilot was Captain Christopher Francis Aden Ley, in the South Nottinghamshire Hussars and then the 40 Training Squadron of the R.F.C. In fact, the copies of the official report made 2 days after the crash we have in HCAT's archives categorically state that 'this officer was not assisting in any way in the display to assist the war savings committee.' All crashes had an inquiry and the Court found that the crash was caused by an 'error of judgement. Ley's casualty card states that 'when 1000 feet up, pilot dived, misjudged distance and hit a house.' However, it does seem odd that the Ley dived then crashed if he was not involved in the display.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Ley was a pupil in the Training Squadron but was flying the Sopwith Camel alone. He was only 24 years old at his death but already seen action and been severely injured. He had injured his thigh in a crash while in the 32 Squadron in France on 3 June 1917 and had been transferred to the Park Street Hospital in England on 10 June 1917. His first injury came only 5 weeks after graduating from the RFC on 1 May 1917. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Despite the improvements to pilot training detailed in the previous post, tragic accidents still happened though with less frequency than before Smith-Barry's training. The next blog will use Martin Montgomery's photographs to picture some of those in the 'roll of honour' who died at or near Croydon Aerodrome in the First World War.</span></div>
Debbie challishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14601112423489241282noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-54401804371356683.post-54493029448162654212018-02-05T07:12:00.000-08:002018-02-05T12:11:10.672-08:00The Gosport System: Robert Smith-Barry and Pilot Training<div class="MsoNormal">
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEht3_eAG2bpwgWaFq08f_QTab_f_oXWNRTs16X8rVEAbYIdmeKuAVYIB2B0xRXKVfH0ll0t1DbiKGYMIOEUq82LpiDy3rua9tcV_IoBhjorTJ9N46b-q4VyiXKurSZEt4XJqbul79QLUwk/s1600/img0002.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1107" data-original-width="1600" height="276" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEht3_eAG2bpwgWaFq08f_QTab_f_oXWNRTs16X8rVEAbYIdmeKuAVYIB2B0xRXKVfH0ll0t1DbiKGYMIOEUq82LpiDy3rua9tcV_IoBhjorTJ9N46b-q4VyiXKurSZEt4XJqbul79QLUwk/s400/img0002.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Avro Biplane - pictured at Gosport - was Barry-Smith's preferred aircraft <br />
for instruction as it was easy to fly so the pilots could concentrate on<br />
learning tactics. This is from <a href="https://myalbum.com/album/ZZve142Ku2IR">Landowne Album 3.</a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Training pilots to fly planes - at first for </span>reconnaissance<span style="font-size: small;"> and then for fighting - was a dangerous and haphazard
affair; of the 14166 pilots killed, over half died
in training. By mid 1916 there was a dangerous shortage of pilots. The Royal Flying Corp (RFC) training programme taught pilots to fly but not to fly in battle or attack. <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-21321362">Major Robert Smith-Barry</a> </span>constantly<span style="font-size: small;"> asked General Trenchard (head of the RFC in France) to let him try a new, more rigorous training programme.</span></span><br />
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<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">It wasn’t until late 1916 that Major Robert Smith-Barry was allowed to revolutionise pilot training by trialling a new programme at Gosport Airfield. Smith-Barry argued that pupils should have as much time at the controls as possible and not start by simply watching the instructor. He thought that they must also learn how to fly in dangerous conditions, be able to get out of a spin and learn to take the right action with engine failures, stalls and hazards. </span><span style="font-family: "\22 arial\22 " , "\22 helvetica\22 " , sans-serif;">A spin was the plane going round in a flat circle and thought impossible to get out of. Smith-Barry heard of Major J. A. Chamier, a RFC pilot, and another New Zealand pilot Capt. R. Balcombe-Brown who had both got out of spins. When Balcombe-Brown visited his squadron (No. 60) in France, he found out that Balcombe-Brown could get in and out of a spin at will, he then tried it himself and taught other pilots to master the spin:</span><span style="font-family: "\22 arial\22 " , "\22 helvetica\22 " , sans-serif;"> </span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Keith Lansdowne describes this as a 'D.H.2 crash after a spin.'</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The words ‘danger and nerves’ must no form part of the instructor’s vocabulary.</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Nothing that a pupil may do in the air is dangerous, if he knows what he is doing and what the results will be.</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Almost all accidents are the result of ignorance, and if, instead of telling the pupil that a manoeuvre is dangerous, he is taught to do it, his instinct of self-preservation will do the rest. (Smith-Barry)</span></blockquote>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-size: small;">This 3 week intense method of encountering every difficulty in the air and knowing the aircraft intimately was put into practice at Gosport. After a few months and observations of the difference the method made to pilots' ability to tackle hazards, General John Salmond - Smith-Barry's commanding officer - recognised the </span>value<span style="font-size: small;"> of Smith-Barry's </span></span>system. A School of Special Flying was founded at Gosport with Smith-Barry as lieutenant-colonel and all flying instructors elsewhere were required to attend this training. Smith-Barry's paper 'General Methods of Teaching Scout Pilots' was distributed across the RFC. Croydon as the training site for London, and the other training airfields, soon followed this methodology from August 1917 until the end of the war.</span></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-0PYBQJtzP5xY4ew5FJ184tcoepJeX1QWLW_ow_NiSgYAq_7USZI0joEs7kg2gN9Ys6L8Rm_2udQwHqGdjfYMM9sO8Eucsc1C2KSf5cYF0mjBd8wRqyclikniukG0B2SwrU4e60KXLOE/s1600/img0028.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1098" data-original-width="1600" height="273" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-0PYBQJtzP5xY4ew5FJ184tcoepJeX1QWLW_ow_NiSgYAq_7USZI0joEs7kg2gN9Ys6L8Rm_2udQwHqGdjfYMM9sO8Eucsc1C2KSf5cYF0mjBd8wRqyclikniukG0B2SwrU4e60KXLOE/s400/img0028.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Landing in a tree with the pilot climbing down a long ladder</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Smith-Barry developed the ‘Gosport tube’, which allowed the instructor to talk to the pilot whilst in flight, which we saw in the RAF Museum.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Using dual control flying, the pupil sat in the front cockpit and received guidance from the instructor behind him. Smith-Barry wrote that:</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">"For dual control, speaking tubes are now being fitted. Up to now it has been necessary to stall the machine to make a momentary conversation possible. This has, however, given a useful indication of the pupil's nerve. . . "(Smith-Barry)</span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Crashes still happened, a great deal, but Smith-Barry also taught pilots the safest way of landing a plane in the worst circumstances so there were less fatalities.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">References: </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Robert Smith-Barry, <span style="background-color: white;"><i>General Methods of Teaching Scout Pilots</i> (1917)</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;">Horatio Barber, <i>How to Fly a Plane: The First World War Pilot's Manual </i>(</span><span style="font-size: 14.00100040435791px;">repr. 2014)</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.00100040435791px;">Joshua Levine, O<i>n a Wing and a Prayer: The Untold Story of the Pioneering Aviation heroes of World War One, In Their Own Words</i> (2008)</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.00100040435791px;">'Robert Smith-Barry', Obituary, <i>Flight</i>, 5 May 1949</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; line-height: 107%;">By Lorraine Gray</span></div>
Debbie challishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14601112423489241282noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-54401804371356683.post-2963736566498150312018-01-29T00:30:00.000-08:002018-01-29T00:30:30.771-08:00Gosport Photographs: Keith le Geyt Lansdowne 1897 - 1984<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNvNzuEUI7kJ61Pc2XisVI1qD_ALfoSaYs87qp4ft6akAci3Z3NMwWN99vnVptfOKpk3HoItqKtW4-UeVqwnk0C3pp33YfDnZEJaBM8GBPcOfgg6v8wlfBZUmFXYoMLC88s4X_bwAI7Gk/s1600/img0001.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1381" data-original-width="1385" height="319" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNvNzuEUI7kJ61Pc2XisVI1qD_ALfoSaYs87qp4ft6akAci3Z3NMwWN99vnVptfOKpk3HoItqKtW4-UeVqwnk0C3pp33YfDnZEJaBM8GBPcOfgg6v8wlfBZUmFXYoMLC88s4X_bwAI7Gk/s320/img0001.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Keith le Gent Lansdowne aged 17 in 1914 from album 3</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Historic Croydon Airport Trust is extraordinarily fortunate to have 3 albums of original photographs taken (mainly) at Gosport 1916-18. They are among the Trust's archival 'crown jewels'. We knew very little about them before now but can add some information about Keith Lansdowne, who donated them. They have been digitised due to funding given to this Fighting for Air project from the Heritage Lottery Fund.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">T</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; text-align: center;">he photographs appear to have been (mostly) taken by Keith le Geyt Lansdowne, who was born 1897 and served in the Royal Flying Corp then Royal Air Force as an electrician and mechanic. It is likely that he was transferred within the army from his original regiment, where he'd seen action in Belgium, due to the need for electricians in the enlarging RFC.</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1495" data-original-width="1600" height="596" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaOo4d7BwF7ZQhEYFmMl9OSiceP7tXOG8ssaWoGGZaGEN-qZBH2ZOLgFpRWnNoseEccmgTcJPqKj293fVmvrkuQ5iCDoa6ngNQ3VxzAjCz9zYp2xLXcPhHkW_sZTcDUZjec0nPMhw_-zY/s640/GBM_AIR79_161_00287.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="640" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Lansdowne's service record and transcribed below</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Service Number 13634</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Civilian occupation:
Electrician apprentice for Southwark Borough (3 months)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Enlisted 13th Battalion
London Regiment 3.9.14 - 10.11.15.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Entry into RFC 10
November 1915</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCOBeL_m9kPccT_Sa3ESpcSkYNP_A8tn2s8WlKRZ0DMXtdUWwJADfq_tr3n3H2Q1FtMf5uH0a5cAijan5VZouxYoDwNiCuCGC8awmY-c_p2-vNPY93M497sTANMdN-BNShcnsabRqsDEM/s1600/img0067.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1106" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCOBeL_m9kPccT_Sa3ESpcSkYNP_A8tn2s8WlKRZ0DMXtdUWwJADfq_tr3n3H2Q1FtMf5uH0a5cAijan5VZouxYoDwNiCuCGC8awmY-c_p2-vNPY93M497sTANMdN-BNShcnsabRqsDEM/s200/img0067.jpg" width="138" /></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Home address Shrewsbury
Rd, Sydenham (after marriage too)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Transferred into Royal Air Force on it's formation in 1 April 1918</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">In the Reserve at Eastchurch
until granted indefinite leave 29.11.21.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">In other records I have found that Landowne:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Married Winifred Mary Grunton
on 14 June 1919 at Alverstone, Hampshire<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Had a child Beatrice Mary 27
May 1921<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">His father was Alfred E.
Lansdowne born 1866, commercial traveller, Shrewsbury Rd Sydenham and mother was </span>Emma born
1861, Milliner.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">An entry records that he died at Croydon in 1984 but where he lived is unknown as yet.</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwsZ4QkmUEm4HKqU0A2gVIEp2jIoclKAA_M5zMqZnXlNwsxZOjBoo7YhSOgbDQThGnmlRFgU5ccp6l-ADeivbKxYCHViuQ9DwZSdD62Y7s7bGbtYc-b45I6kmH9QMHurTfSuboes93Dqc/s1600/img0054.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1100" data-original-width="1600" height="220" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwsZ4QkmUEm4HKqU0A2gVIEp2jIoclKAA_M5zMqZnXlNwsxZOjBoo7YhSOgbDQThGnmlRFgU5ccp6l-ADeivbKxYCHViuQ9DwZSdD62Y7s7bGbtYc-b45I6kmH9QMHurTfSuboes93Dqc/s320/img0054.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Image from album 3</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">His interest in motor engines as a mechanic is apparent in his index to volume 3 (also scanned in) listing the types of engine in each plane as well as images of the work station and engines.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The albums of photographs are available to view through the links below. We will be adding more information as we come across it and cross connecting his index to some of the photographs in Album 3. More information on the 'Gosport method' will be blogged using some of these images. All of this is useful for understanding how Croydon Aerodrome functioned as a training base.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The order / numbering is purely dependent on how catalogued in HCAT archive:</span></div>
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<a href="https://myalbum.com/album/Gjkp4K1VG4ZN"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">First Album</span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<a href="https://www.myalbum.com/shop/photobook/H5ovDfohrwPf"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Second Album</span></a><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="https://myalbum.com/album/ZZve142Ku2IR">Third Album</a></span><br />
<br />Debbie challishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14601112423489241282noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-54401804371356683.post-13965489617718770022018-01-22T05:39:00.000-08:002018-01-22T05:39:11.607-08:00Pre-War Literature and Attitudes Toward Aerial Bombardment<div class="MsoNormal">
In the decades preceding the First World War, future war
fiction brought the concept of war in the air to the forefront of public
imagination. The stories focused on the possibilities of weaponised flying
machines, and the danger of failing to acknowledge their potential.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVfR_ZfxRixQjZXwnOllmCqtJAbL5vGD7x9OMIYHI1s2vyC7MpauuGuSliiAbzQrOHGlONm0MN1QLAscQ5Aem7xvJBtlLLN_VHUUPfmRxBinoqv3hdg9YmlWDWaHsHBHPbiDtMbr-qkOQ/s1600/large_000000A.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="635" data-original-width="800" height="254" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVfR_ZfxRixQjZXwnOllmCqtJAbL5vGD7x9OMIYHI1s2vyC7MpauuGuSliiAbzQrOHGlONm0MN1QLAscQ5Aem7xvJBtlLLN_VHUUPfmRxBinoqv3hdg9YmlWDWaHsHBHPbiDtMbr-qkOQ/s320/large_000000A.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Top of an Australian poster. A German Zeppelin is caught
in the <br />
beams of two searchlights © IWM (Art.IWM PST 12259).<br />
The art of posters around the war in the air often drew upon the<br />
images depicted - in word and in image -in the pre-war novels.</td></tr>
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<br />
<a name='more'></a>Jules Verne was an early contributor to the fiction of air
warfare. In 1886 he published 'The Clipper of the Clouds', introducing the
anarchic inventor Robur and his electric-powered helicopter-type vessel, the <i>Albatross</i>.
After convincing fellow aeronauts of the merits of heavier than air flying
machines, Robur disappears at the end of the story. He refuses to share his
invention with the world, claiming it would only be abused. <o:p></o:p></div>
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In 1904 Verne published a sequel, 'The Master of the World'.
This time, reflecting Verne's growing suspicion of technology, a far less
benevolent Robur pilots a submarine-like flying machine with wings called the <i>Terrible</i>.
After looming menacingly over the world's cities, he and his machine are
outlawed and he dies in an electrical storm. Verne only hints at the
destructive power of the <i>Terrible </i>but the threat it poses to the public,
and their vulnerability to it, are implicit. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Many novels saw flying machines used as part of traditional
military practice. In W. Graham Moffat and John White's 'What's the World
Coming To?' published in 1893, a great European war of the 21<sup>st</sup>
century opens with the French using airships to bomb the other European armies.
They cite the military functions of flying machines as "not only to
reconnoitre the enemy's position but also for carrying and dropping into enemy
lines and country large bombs charged with high explosive". But gradually
a new idea took hold in future war fiction – that rather than fighting one
another or attacking military targets, flying machines might be used to destroy
enemy cities in order to spread panic and disorder. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Two novels of 1895, 'The Outlaws of the Air' by George
Griffiths, and 'Hartmann and the Anarchist' by E. Douglas Fawcett, both end
with the attempted destruction of London by aerial attack. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Air war fiction also existed in the boys’ magazines of the
early 20<sup>th</sup> century. In the 1902 story, 'To Save the King' by Maxwell
Scott, two would-be assassins attempt to kill the royal family by bombing
Sandringham using a balloon. And in the 1903 story 'A World at Stake' by
Reginald Wray, Germany tries to cripple Britain's armaments industry by bombing
Woolwich Arsenal. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-small;">National War Savings Committee Poster </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">No. 115.</span>
(1918) © IWM (Art.IWM PST 10424)</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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However, the majority of future war literature about air
warfare held the common assumption that the aerial bombardment, or the threat
of such action, against civilian populations would only be carried out by
madmen or anarchists like Robur or the fanatics of the Griffiths and Fawcett
novels. <o:p></o:p><br />
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'The War in the Air' by H G Wells, published in 1908,
stepped away from this assumption. In 'The War in the Air', New York is
destroyed by a German air fleet, manned not by lunatics but by professional
soldiers. Wells recognised that there were no moral limitations in an age of
total war. Any means were justified by the end.<o:p></o:p></div>
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In this view, Wells showed a greater level of understanding
than the nations attending the Second Peace Conference at the Hague in 1907,
who signed a declaration prohibiting aerial bombardment. Notably Germany did
not sign. (See an earlier post around that <a href="https://croydonairportcalling.blogspot.co.uk/2017/11/the-hague-convention-and-aerial-warfare.html">here)</a>.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Germany took heed of the events of the American Civil War.
Sherman's destruction of Atlanta raised morale in the North and crushed
defiance in the Confederacy. After the war, Chancellor Bismarck took advice
from American general Philip Sheridan, who urged the need to cause the people
'so much suffering that they must long for peace, and force their governments
to demand it'. This approach would heavily influence German strategy in the
First World War. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Written by Cassie Pope, Project Volunteer<o:p></o:p></div>
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<o:p> </o:p> </div>
Debbie challishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14601112423489241282noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-54401804371356683.post-27398865036150745402018-01-16T12:17:00.001-08:002018-01-16T12:17:29.172-08:00Women and Work in the First World War - The War in the Air<div style="font-family: helvetica; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10px;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">The merging of the RFC and the RNAS to form the Royal Air Force (RAF) raised fears about losing their specialised female workforce. The WRAF was formed on 1st April 1918 to create a separate women's air service. Their work was divided into clerks and store women, household, technical and non technical. They were not trained at first and recruited according to their existing skills. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"></span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-size: x-small;">Despite this, the minimum age for joining was 18 with a strict selection process, including stringent health checks which eliminated poor women who lived in polluted cities. Lengthy enrolment forms were enforced, which, as well as the usual application questions, asked for many statements of agreement to conditions, such as the right to be fined for breaching any rules of their contract.</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvK2chDGyXVOvB2X7iyi2TAAVB5O4xBArEH2MeUJ8T8wxjv5mREFN8mhvjdDobArwcgCq8qetQcYAGxkm80LU5ZWv-OIgK5IKFrd08P1XOnr81zubKJNLvr_pWQf75TyRVm6oJk-jj5fY/s1600/womenworks_biplanewingsbl23741_034.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img border="0" data-original-height="320" data-original-width="460" height="222" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvK2chDGyXVOvB2X7iyi2TAAVB5O4xBArEH2MeUJ8T8wxjv5mREFN8mhvjdDobArwcgCq8qetQcYAGxkm80LU5ZWv-OIgK5IKFrd08P1XOnr81zubKJNLvr_pWQf75TyRVm6oJk-jj5fY/s320/womenworks_biplanewingsbl23741_034.jpg" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Source Sans Pro', sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.5px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Women working on bi-plane wings at Waring and <br />Gillow's factory in Lancaster (BL23741/034)<br /><a href="https://historicengland.org.uk/whats-new/first-world-war-home-front/what-we-already-know/land/aircraft-factories/">Historic England </a></span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">As a result educated, upper class women were recruited as officers while the rest became members. They also fell into two categories: 'immobiles' who were attached to their local station and lived at home, and 'mobiles' who lived in quarters near their workplace allowing them to be transferred in necessary. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">The WRAF also held strict behaviour standards. A booklet laid out their rules and constitution, including a ban on smoking both on duty and in public, their uniform requirements and complaints procedure. This led to their reputation as the most disciplined and professional of all the women's services.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">When the former members of the WAAC and WRNS were given the choice of transferring, over 9,000 joined and civilian enrolment increased their numbers. They were first dispatched to RAF bases in Britain and then to France and Germany in 1919. By April 1920 the WRAF had disbanded (much to the reluctance of the RAF); in just two years 32,000 WRAFs had become an advantage to the RAF, paving the way for all future air service women. All three women's services were reformed just before the outbreak of World War II. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Over six million men enlisted to go and fight overseas so their jobs in Britain had to be fulfilled by women, who still took on traditional roles such as nurses and factory workers, which could be dangerous work. Many women were keen to help with the war effort and they were able to use traditional household organisational skills to help other people undertake war work. They also helped with fundraising, planting vegetables and knitting clothes for soldiers, from the earliest days of conflict. </span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWls3gJJblexz4ImuZH3weNor6WA35ww9VDLckToa-Ov0Me9xjg2mFvHKlkcSQF0lrLO7BcEyOKdMj5-edgkTt6ghSAsXsB26fXCguRTQtmbJ7DoxV4zbiVmn_q2zUm_TneUW8K1PcTUs/s1600/NAF+Tug+o+War.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img border="0" data-original-height="409" data-original-width="642" height="203" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWls3gJJblexz4ImuZH3weNor6WA35ww9VDLckToa-Ov0Me9xjg2mFvHKlkcSQF0lrLO7BcEyOKdMj5-edgkTt6ghSAsXsB26fXCguRTQtmbJ7DoxV4zbiVmn_q2zUm_TneUW8K1PcTUs/s320/NAF+Tug+o+War.jpg" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">NAF Sports Waddon Fuselage No 1 team</span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">The first female police officers also served during WW1 but they were mainly women’s patrols designed to maintain discipline and monitor women's behaviour around factories and hostels. Women also worked on transport as bus conductors, ticket collectors, porters, cleaners and even bus drivers. The increase in women's employment meant that childcare was needed and the rise in single women rose. On the positive side, women's football teams were created to encourage women to exercise. Even the way they dressed changed.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">As a result the scale of women's employment could no longer be hidden or denied; but the war did not increase women's wages. From one skilled role employers were able to create several less skilled roles that women could be employed at at a lower wage and not be 'replacing' a man directly. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Women at home played an enormous role in the War Effort (known as the Home Front);with approximately 1.6 million entering the workforce during the war. By Armistice Day 950,000 worked in munitions factories like the one in Croydon, called <a href="http://croydonairportcalling.blogspot.co.uk/2015/08/national-aircraft-factory-no-1-part-2.html">National Aircraft Factory No. 1;</a> but were made redundant when the war ended in November 1918. The Factory dismissed around 1,500 employees on Saturday January 11th 1919, while the remaining 600 took a pay cut. The Factory was located opposite Beddington Aerodrome. The Factory employed 2,500 to 3000 staff (half of what was needed) and half of this workforce was female. They were responsible for not only stitching the canvas that made up the plane wings but also operated machine tools and were involved in aircraft assembly,</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Women also worked in textile factories which also made uniforms. Images which featured women undertaking industrial, war related work help reinforce the message that they were making valuable contributions to the war effort. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">There has always been a lot of focus on women's roles during the World Wars, but their roles were seen as temporary and always as in support of men's roles. It was assumed that that once the war was over they would go back to their regular roles as wives and mothers. However some women relished the chance to not only have a job outside of the home, but also to experience jobs and careers that previously only men could do. </span></div>
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Written by Tania Rahman, Visitor Services Assistant at the British Museum (and volunteer for Fighting for Air)</div>
Debbie challishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14601112423489241282noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-54401804371356683.post-61969270565218058852018-01-16T09:00:00.000-08:002018-01-16T09:00:29.127-08:00The Role of Women and Work in World War One - General Background<div style="font-family: Helvetica; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10px;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">From the late eighteenth century the Industrial Revolution used the labour of women, both single and married. Most women still worked in domestic service, though many worked in textile production and even in coal mines. They often worked in poor conditions and treated unfairly, arguably like the plight of women in countries described as ‘Third World’ today. </span></div>
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<a name='more'></a><span style="font-size: x-small;">Many professions requiring a more formal education and skills set were closed to women. During the nineteenth century a are regular role for a young, unmarried, possibly middle class woman who had to work to support herself was a governess (a role made immortal in <i>Jane Eyre</i> by Charlotte Bronte) or a school teacher. Mina Murray, the heroine in Bram Stoker's <i>Dracula</i> is a school teacher, before she gets married to Jonathan Harker. However, the end of the nineteenth century saw the rise of the New Woman and the suffrage movement, a campaign to allow women to vote and eventually stand for Parliament. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">'Suffragists' were peaceful or law abiding in their methods, which included sending letters to their elected representatives to raise </span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhE7QLYxfex_O2WuhcxDoSXLIo5NvftAFPCbooO3i2-MVzj0y8no8SxAhKw9KdBBQpOf8c3y7AqTYyzoJ3EfsDtZMLSPnpMjlGMye9JbYABWqy42y4GEJqiWX2wQxEk4A-DcsZJtHxdIFA/s1600/22164220943_a650f449de_k.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1159" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhE7QLYxfex_O2WuhcxDoSXLIo5NvftAFPCbooO3i2-MVzj0y8no8SxAhKw9KdBBQpOf8c3y7AqTYyzoJ3EfsDtZMLSPnpMjlGMye9JbYABWqy42y4GEJqiWX2wQxEk4A-DcsZJtHxdIFA/s320/22164220943_a650f449de_k.jpg" width="231" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Emmeline Pankhurst being arrested<br />at Buckingham Palace. Image Women's Library<br />at LSE Library.</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">voices in their support. Suffragettes, on the other hand were militant and could be violent in their methods and their approach because they felt as though they had to go to extremes to make their point, which included arson, smashing windows, protests and demonstrations. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">The outbreak of World War One accelerated not only the Industrial Revolution but also the 'Suffrage Movement', in one way, as women took on the jobs that the men who went to fight left behind. But they were expected to return to their regular roles as wives and mothers once the war was over (which did not happen for everybody). It also meant that Suffragette activities had to be scaled down and even suspended for the greater threat of war to Britain. In fact neither the Suffrage Movement nor the War Effort was restricted to British Nationals; Queen Victoria's god daughter Princess Sophia Alexandra Duleep Singh of India was both a Suffragette and a Red Cross volunteer at a Brighton hospital tending to wounded Indian soldiers. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Before the war, men brought in the weekly wage doing tiring and strenuous jobs. Even at the beginning of the twentieth century the main occupation for women was still that of governesses and teachers, otherwise they either took care of their own houses or did paid domestic work in someone else's house. Working class women also took on paid 'piece work' at home, which was a traditional occupation and included tasks such as washing, ironing, sewing, lace making, or assembling toys or boxes. As well as that, they also had to take care of their homes and families.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Well-off families could afford to hire a house maid to take care of babies, a nanny to take care of small children and a governess to teach the older children. Boys were sent away to boarding school when they were old enough while girls were taught at home, probably until they were of marriage age. </span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRAyiZ0OzQWXQJymqUVLiEf6FkY0lQJu8GXoq3PVl_yTYQfwqaMWLWZYZjW78W0PLH6s0ZVcirRcCIsVlynK1V4TwSuuIjIZcBk14zHpcxucRuPBJqiz4X7N43qp8kwIaCpd9srSVaar4/s1600/22784044955_8f17e33f6a_k.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1193" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRAyiZ0OzQWXQJymqUVLiEf6FkY0lQJu8GXoq3PVl_yTYQfwqaMWLWZYZjW78W0PLH6s0ZVcirRcCIsVlynK1V4TwSuuIjIZcBk14zHpcxucRuPBJqiz4X7N43qp8kwIaCpd9srSVaar4/s320/22784044955_8f17e33f6a_k.jpg" width="238" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A woman working signals in World War One.<br />The Women's Library at LSE Library</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Women also worked as nurses and a small number were doctors. Some middle-class women had new opportunities to go women’s colleges at universities. At the beginning of the twentieth century, more women took on administration work in offices; other women worked labour jobs in cotton factories. Teaching was also still a popular occupation but had to be given up when a woman married.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">During the war many more women trained and worked in medicine and education. In fact pressure from women to assist in the war effort began as early as August 1914 and led to the formation of the Women's Royal Naval Service (WRNS), formed in November 1917 with 3000 women, and the Women's Army Auxilary Corps (WAAC) , formed in December 1916. Women also worked in Royal Flying Corps (RFC) and Royal Naval Air Service (RNAS) air stations. In fact the WAAC was originally formed to perform non combat tasks to free up soldiers in France, up to 12,000 men for front line service as were the WRNS. Their recruitment posters had the slogan "Free a man for sea service". </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">On 31st March 1917 a party of 14 women were sent to the Western Front. After starting with domestic duties such as cooking and cleaning their roles expanded to wireless telegraphist or electrician. They were divided into trade categories (denoted by blue trade badges worn on the right arm). The main categories were: a scallop shell for household workers; a three spoked wheel for motor driver; an arrow crossed by lightning flash for signals; crossed keys for a store keeper, porter or messenger; an envelope for a postwoman or telephonist; crossed hammers for a technical worker and miscellaneous workers wore a star. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Written by Tania Rahman, Visitor Services Assistant at the British Museum</span></div>
Debbie challishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14601112423489241282noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-54401804371356683.post-31991096546737342162018-01-02T12:33:00.000-08:002018-01-02T12:33:05.800-08:00Some of Henry Montgomery Martin’s 1918 Photographs of Croydon<div class="MsoNormal">
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYtDasnpe1yg8XZCREmdB3weBr10qp4m1OCia_ar0zc3UaHQpxsJ_bFeV06qBflM4_jxT5fywxC2UV5R4d6tXytR4-2OlSp6rVK478ibKdoLNoYAR495DJq89OJWJrTNHg0JJ8uumOd74/s1600/194+Aerial+view+of+Croydon.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1027" data-original-width="1548" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYtDasnpe1yg8XZCREmdB3weBr10qp4m1OCia_ar0zc3UaHQpxsJ_bFeV06qBflM4_jxT5fywxC2UV5R4d6tXytR4-2OlSp6rVK478ibKdoLNoYAR495DJq89OJWJrTNHg0JJ8uumOd74/s320/194+Aerial+view+of+Croydon.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Aerial view of Croydon, 1918</td></tr>
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<span lang="EN-GB">A series of photographs that HCAT has copies of - not the originals - gives a great visual glimpse of Croydon / Beddington aerodrome during the war and occasionally leisure activities in Croydon itself. As we have progressed through the project, we've found some information that assist with some context for those photographs. the photographs belonged to and were probably taken Herbert Montgomery Martin, who appears to have been one of the ground crew based at Croydon / Beddington during the war.</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjv9rfUc_UdtOqSeLlPvhDgqWC2w8bLluOH4Qi3w_YJVibOdGQvAUoWYlQ-t61afGnUfVQ1hDiwrRDdYMLpOqwCIFIhpvFxVqHmOS2UWkNSbfKnKqpqZv1v-HC0aGwx7kZSPbo7xip5haE/s1600/180+Croydon+Tank+Day+16+March.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1113" data-original-width="1417" height="313" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjv9rfUc_UdtOqSeLlPvhDgqWC2w8bLluOH4Qi3w_YJVibOdGQvAUoWYlQ-t61afGnUfVQ1hDiwrRDdYMLpOqwCIFIhpvFxVqHmOS2UWkNSbfKnKqpqZv1v-HC0aGwx7kZSPbo7xip5haE/s400/180+Croydon+Tank+Day+16+March.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Croydon Tank Day, 16 March 1918</td></tr>
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In Croydon, as elsewhere in Britain, Flag Days organised by the authorities
and volunteers raised money for various war efforts. These days at first raised money for charities then sold 'War Loans' or 'Victory loans' to people to invest in the government and sometimes to buy specific weapons. On 4 March 1918, Croydon held a 'Business Week' in aid of buying a tank with a 'Tank Day' on 16 March, at which a Tank sat by the Town
Hall and there were parades and marches by local scout groups, military and charitable organisations. (There will be another post about a tragic aviation accident recorded on that day at Croydon. . .). </div>
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<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrV4zf19Prql9eU_EhTewX0wRk_i2F406Vt6Yw963410mQ9qo9k-HRYaw6Ntcisz2ak6zvd_4Ohg-FVbl6jI_d8x8-vG6FBlXzpUrsIK6Yj_8guMqyKfQMHQfS2XYcYYfLa_aZw2Rm7QA/s1600/247+Waddon+Camp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="922" data-original-width="1530" height="192" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrV4zf19Prql9eU_EhTewX0wRk_i2F406Vt6Yw963410mQ9qo9k-HRYaw6Ntcisz2ak6zvd_4Ohg-FVbl6jI_d8x8-vG6FBlXzpUrsIK6Yj_8guMqyKfQMHQfS2XYcYYfLa_aZw2Rm7QA/s320/247+Waddon+Camp.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Waddon Camp</td></tr>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-themecolor: text1;">In the time Martin was there, No. 40 Training Squadron was based at Croydon / Beddington Aerodrome. As it was a training school there were
many accidents. The Officers’ Mess was at the eighteenth-century Beddington House.</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGKqGTtInnF_vRdgK4ztDjBOfx1jaDtayQ-pGg9REVq-XXvCglHMQN5kxUrZNFiXO4-lgyPv25GswyeHp1OETj2vwRxKYYvEhtv9t8tv64T6dXpg9CTCuLuwDGm2ySmi4px3p863cbRtc/s1600/195+Fireplace%252C+Beddington+House.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; display: inline !important; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">Church halls were also commissioned to put up the ground workers alongside the
tents of the Waddon camp alongside Croydon / Beddington aerodrome.</span><span style="color: black;"> </span></a></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB">Leisure pursuits included Sports Days, which included fancy dress and silly games. There are some photographs of huts belonging to the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA), which were set up near where troops were stationed at home and abroad to provide non-alcoholic drink, food and entertainment as well as writing materials. </span><br />
<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhx-G7x1vVnadlP3gPg9lZu8JRMQRiNAmqz5mxx539gTG41_rLww6Vft_7e0j19WIpDjIEsI9rYyWfuojp1Bp6jkk-IMlXL15HuFZ2qOOszQKuUOZgbOthj6ueyq5ayolq4E-P7a8_6cKU/s1600/039+40TS+RAF+sports+21-8-18.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="993" data-original-width="1600" height="395" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhx-G7x1vVnadlP3gPg9lZu8JRMQRiNAmqz5mxx539gTG41_rLww6Vft_7e0j19WIpDjIEsI9rYyWfuojp1Bp6jkk-IMlXL15HuFZ2qOOszQKuUOZgbOthj6ueyq5ayolq4E-P7a8_6cKU/s640/039+40TS+RAF+sports+21-8-18.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">40 Training Squadron RAF Sports, 21 August 1918</td></tr>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><br /></span>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPCl_-M_stCt_UPII3h9kAwePfbYdDZVSRKpdyRagR8W6OpfB80Z9Xv75GXtCWxPPsEwJ7BwIwh25kZQZyyBg9Xnknj0kWtEF6zoxS7VH98zjvx3IGHx6Oicmki_FTa2BCYhsxnMjrPxw/s1600/116+At+Croydon+YMCA.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1527" data-original-width="974" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPCl_-M_stCt_UPII3h9kAwePfbYdDZVSRKpdyRagR8W6OpfB80Z9Xv75GXtCWxPPsEwJ7BwIwh25kZQZyyBg9Xnknj0kWtEF6zoxS7VH98zjvx3IGHx6Oicmki_FTa2BCYhsxnMjrPxw/s400/116+At+Croydon+YMCA.jpg" width="255" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Croydon YMCA</td></tr>
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<span lang="EN-GB">Despite the long war, Armistice was
unexpected in November 1918. Fighting finished in Europe at 11am
on 11 November. Croydon Maroons went off signalling not an air attack but peace
on 11 November. Scouts paraded and aeroplanes flew overhead, which seem to be captured in Martin's photograph. </span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB"><br /></span>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8705LWQs-wDsmnhXzZqktVU3-lAroHgnrH2OnIBSsO2p2wffTytcFz-Ght0roTruzg2kfvVc6xJU0qtt9tzX0zhUPr2taUWObYNrR_z_9zB-rhVD6T_yMWGidmVsopvsFgDKxq4sYXRg/s1600/091+Two-seat+Camel.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="870" data-original-width="1450" height="384" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8705LWQs-wDsmnhXzZqktVU3-lAroHgnrH2OnIBSsO2p2wffTytcFz-Ght0roTruzg2kfvVc6xJU0qtt9tzX0zhUPr2taUWObYNrR_z_9zB-rhVD6T_yMWGidmVsopvsFgDKxq4sYXRg/s640/091+Two-seat+Camel.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Two-seat Camel with Baker and unknown, 11 November 1918, Croydon</td></tr>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Moore,
H. Keatley (1920), <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Croydon and the Great
War. The Official History of the War Work of the Borough and its Citizens from
1914 to 1919</i>, Croydon: Public Library<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Debbie challishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14601112423489241282noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-54401804371356683.post-6663926100966535142017-12-22T12:09:00.000-08:002017-12-22T12:10:19.670-08:00Fighting for Air Volunteer Visit to the Local Studies / Museum of Croydon<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">In the last post, I detailed how six of us had a
busy day last Tuesday as we visited the First World War (FWW) galleries at the
Imperial War Museum, London; then went to see archival material at the Museum
of Croydon. This time, I’ll write up some notes from the Museum of Croydon. . .</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOvuwwpfXMAnq9hVBmxduzS6t5vU70M3gCqf7pbzSzTn5HR8YtXW-8IMrJe9Fandh9EgpDfqHV78B0Idd7vfZOGjemP9l9v1CklQJndyrnNvAuNyMlk0oijnstIMJKzlXbTTkrO7xdJic/s1600/IMG_1511.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOvuwwpfXMAnq9hVBmxduzS6t5vU70M3gCqf7pbzSzTn5HR8YtXW-8IMrJe9Fandh9EgpDfqHV78B0Idd7vfZOGjemP9l9v1CklQJndyrnNvAuNyMlk0oijnstIMJKzlXbTTkrO7xdJic/s320/IMG_1511.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
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Lindsay
Ould, Borough Archivist, and Emily Lansell, Collections Officer, had got out a
selection of archive material for us to look at. Lindsay gave us an overview of
what they do have, such as the reports kept by Constables, the council
proceedings, and a Roll of Honour of all the people killed during the war who
were associated with Croydon.</div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">A glimpse
of what it was like living in Croydon during the war could be seen in letters
written by a vicar to his brother in the Shetlands – the Shetland archives have
the letters from the brother about the Shetlands during the war. A catalogue of
war supplies and advertisements for items that could be sent abroad was
fascinating. There was a book of all the special fund-raising days organised by
the Mayoress of Croydon and the meeting minutes. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnZQBnBbfLtnNo8zOAtFcRRnaSX_KwIkbp9brRFYClaSA0-l4P56guE0LK-bw0TZfLEzMrJZKevdMvR8gW7tIQ0QN8IhIHjndkes5Sv_Q7BfPDvbWQqxUc1OmKriy4lGlG_u5TCw-lah4/s1600/IMG_1513.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="640" data-original-width="480" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnZQBnBbfLtnNo8zOAtFcRRnaSX_KwIkbp9brRFYClaSA0-l4P56guE0LK-bw0TZfLEzMrJZKevdMvR8gW7tIQ0QN8IhIHjndkes5Sv_Q7BfPDvbWQqxUc1OmKriy4lGlG_u5TCw-lah4/s400/IMG_1513.JPG" width="300" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Notice of public Meeting calling for reprisals and protection <br />from the Zeppelin raids</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The
interest in souvenirs and postcards was reflected in the number produced to
fundraise for the five hospitals in the borough, including Stanford Road War
Hospital, which specialised in facial injuries. Surprisingly the archive is
rich in sources about conscientious objectors as it has two large collections
linked to a family who were imprisoned during the war.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">There was
very little on the aerodrome itself but an interesting file on the Zeppelin
raids of October 1915, which included a call for reprisals a week later at a
meeting in Croydon on 22 October. Norman and Nick are going to look into this
file and some of the documents relating to air defences further. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The Museum
of Croydon are marking the centenary through some new schools’ resources on the
Zeppelin raids and conscientious objectors as well as tweeting the names of those
that died on their anniversary as recorded in the Roll of Honour. In doing
these they are also researching those men and women and correcting any factual
errors as well as finding out new information along the way. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Debbie challishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14601112423489241282noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-54401804371356683.post-60358343472410052012017-12-17T12:32:00.000-08:002017-12-17T12:32:14.032-08:00Fighting for Air Visit to the Imperial War Museum<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
Six of our
volunteers had a busy day on Tuesday 12 December as we visited the First World
War (FWW) Galleries at the Imperial War Museum, London; then went to see
archival material at the Museum of Croydon. Both trips gave us a great
perspective on the national and local response to the war and aerial attacks on
civilians. We’ll start with the Imperial War Museum. . . </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6f6KN1NF2sjyS2Pvgl56YtvLb11fm4aTnXIdmmwPaDoKrCRHM9nIsfT-1gnaNRnjk0DQtpxExRtnV9IZFZkxq8jpHzlG0KRqSuwx5WuRpuNCg2_JyX3jiiojEvrO1AnW_RuhWD2HckLc/s1600/IMG_1505.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6f6KN1NF2sjyS2Pvgl56YtvLb11fm4aTnXIdmmwPaDoKrCRHM9nIsfT-1gnaNRnjk0DQtpxExRtnV9IZFZkxq8jpHzlG0KRqSuwx5WuRpuNCg2_JyX3jiiojEvrO1AnW_RuhWD2HckLc/s320/IMG_1505.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Sopwith Camel and airship gondola in FWW gallery</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Paul
Cornish, a Senior Curator who worked on the galleries, explained that the
reopening and redisplay of the FWW was part of a wider refurbishment project
that is tied into to the centenary of the war. He pointed out that most of the
objects and archive material on display is original, though some – such as
postcards – had been printed on metal so people could pick them up; others had
a copy printed over the top of the original so exposure to light was not so
intense. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The
exhibition as a whole works in a horse shoe shape around the bottom of the
lower floor of the Museum. Around the outer side is information about the
fighting and fronts, mainly the Western Front and trench warfare. On the inner-side
is information and material about the Home Front. The point is that without the
support and energy of the Home Front, the soldiers would not be able to fight
due to lack of supplies as well as morale. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Interestingly,
Paul stressed that only contemporaneous point of view of were used, i.e. just
what people thought or reflected at the time and not with hindsight. This is
because so much has been written about the war and there are many different
historical viewpoints.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Some
points, such as information about the YMCA, I’ll weave into later posts about
photographs of <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi38P72StA6GczVABUJrsA1XHoDRj7ByBT5-9cUa8g0-sN_8XVQ4Fgr_mpc2V6pZMnHrKCAD3j6nQRf82wpOEBf0Cue2QwEyWPyOxOubpUSHpURJmltVAQlvJvc72OouxPZIOSTQ_vcFio/s1600/IMG_1506.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi38P72StA6GczVABUJrsA1XHoDRj7ByBT5-9cUa8g0-sN_8XVQ4Fgr_mpc2V6pZMnHrKCAD3j6nQRf82wpOEBf0Cue2QwEyWPyOxOubpUSHpURJmltVAQlvJvc72OouxPZIOSTQ_vcFio/s200/IMG_1506.JPG" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Charred map of London from L31</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Croydon during the war. The main information here is to do with
the war in the air on the frontlines and the aerial attacks by the German
military on Britain. It was news to be me, though I’d visited before, that from
an aviation point of view the Battle of the Somme was a success since the
British and French had control of the skies and assisted the artillery on the
ground. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">There was a
significant section on Zeppelin and airship raids on Britain. Interestingly,
the museum has a lot of material from L31, the Zeppelin shot down over Potters
Bar on 1 October 1916 – the same Zeppelin that HCAT archives have a piece off.
The material <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhITCMqgqLAkwZFVo1I491gv8vNOLh9acnUeyBHsdoPEC8CJjt1D-Gp9UzSyEJlpe5A_52H3p3ePPcX7XBPStWg7p9_eozmAdxzbFcCb5VU-WNhrNo_JksOunOYtaribUQBDdFko6REfho/s1600/IMG_1507.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhITCMqgqLAkwZFVo1I491gv8vNOLh9acnUeyBHsdoPEC8CJjt1D-Gp9UzSyEJlpe5A_52H3p3ePPcX7XBPStWg7p9_eozmAdxzbFcCb5VU-WNhrNo_JksOunOYtaribUQBDdFko6REfho/s320/IMG_1507.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Material from Zeppelin L31</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
includes a charred map of London, as well as an ammunition box
binoculars and a lot of fragments of the airship. It was the third airship to
fall victim to the British air defences. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The Sopwith
Camel on display was the plane from which Flight Lieutenant Stuart Calley shot
down the last German airship to be destroyed in the war on 1 August 1918. I assumed
it was shot down on the western front.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Upstairs in
the Ashcroft Gallery was a display on people who had been awarded Victoria
Crosses. Norman spotted the section on William Leefe Robinson, who was responsible for shooting down the first Zeppelin over Britain</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGwhaqP_6te8Y_RPnsZcR5UmkaZH3QupuSRGF8TgxhnqpFlzYeUY6a7D8v1wwrpjNQ3jri6aR_q_HDZClzVr3grZZtzeuqPAHWlJsLZoNP_lh-DgW6MFS7N7YPoBnvtrzoU2sN-MjbCts/s1600/040.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1200" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGwhaqP_6te8Y_RPnsZcR5UmkaZH3QupuSRGF8TgxhnqpFlzYeUY6a7D8v1wwrpjNQ3jri6aR_q_HDZClzVr3grZZtzeuqPAHWlJsLZoNP_lh-DgW6MFS7N7YPoBnvtrzoU2sN-MjbCts/s320/040.JPG" width="240" /></a></div>
.<o:p></o:p>Debbie challishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14601112423489241282noreply@blogger.com0